Accident remedial measures are actions undertaken to correct perceived or actual deficiency or risks in road traffic to improve safety. The WritePass Journal

Accident remedial measures are actions undertaken to correct perceived or actual deficiency or risks in road traffic to improve safety. Introduction Accident remedial measures are actions undertaken to correct perceived or actual deficiency or risks in road traffic to improve safety. IntroductionReferencesRelated Introduction Accident remedial measures are actions undertaken to correct perceived or actual deficiency or risks in road traffic to improve safety. A WHO 2004 report indicates that about 1.2 million people are killed annually the world over and forecast that by â€Å"2020 road accident will be the second cause of death if the growing problems are not tackled† (WHO 1999) . Currently in the developing world it is the second largest cause of death after HIV Aids. Statistics indicates that on the average, the total cost of road accident is estimated to be about 2.5% of the Gross National Product of many nations. The Dft report (2009) indicates that accident place a huge economic and social cost to countries in terms of personal injury and damage to property. The above indicates that there is the need for a wide range of accident remedial measures to be adopted to curtail the risks of motorisation and reduce human suffering and social cost. To be able to target the appropriate remedial measure s to tackle this challenge, a good accident data system will be needed to determine where accidents cluster and permit decision makers to prepare and identify priority areas that need the most attention.   There are various ways by which this can be carried out such as ranking site by actual number of accidents (frequency) or rates of accidents occurrence (eg numbers per kilometre travelled) or the cost of the accident. The merits associated with using numbers is that it has the ability to portray actual injuries or death and makes the data easy to relate to and the actual impact known and understood even by lay persons, example media men in reporting road accidents to the public are more comfortable using numbers (frequency) to rates and it appeals to the public than using rates. In this sense it is argued that it is easier to communicate to stakeholders and the public using numbers than rates. This also enables sites to be ranked in terms of absolute number of casualties and road safety interventions targeted at those sites can be supported by politicians who may not have in-depth knowledge on rates since numbers are easier to understand than rates. Accident numbers refer to accident occurrence in a given stretch of road at a period of time. The use of numbers to set target are mostly used by practitioners because it allow the use of statistical models to determine significant relationship between dependent variable and a number of explanatory variables and rates calculated to compare risk level. This result can be used to predict effects of the accident and identify the key variable, example speed, alcohol that causes the accident and appropriate intervention adopted to mitigate impacts. One of the arguments against using numbers to set target for safety measures is that a change in the number of occurrence of accidents due to low flow of traffic will alter numbers even though the level of the risk may remain the same thereby given a false impression. It can therefore be misleading particularly on low flow traffic roads where a single accident can greatly alter the rate, thereby giving a false interpretation which can have a big impact on the outcome. Setting remedial measure using rates expressed in accident per number of population is recommended by most practitioners because it gives a value that can be easily related to and compared with local, national or international averages.   Example comparing road death per 100,000 populations in say 2009 between regions or nations to compare performance for evaluation. The formula for calculating this is express as: Annual Accident rate = number of accident Ãâ€" 100, 000/ number of population. When accident data is combined with exposure to calculate accident rates such as number of road accidents per 100,000 populations, a more informative comparative level of road safety is achieved at international level depending on the availability and comparability of these data. It is widely argued in the transport sector that accident rate rather than numbers is a better performance measure in that the rates reflects the activity level and their relationship to the number of accidents. This tracks changes in the accident rates for a fixed volume of vehicle or human population. Example xyz accidents per 100,000 vehicles or population. By tracking the rate of accidents per vehicle or human population, decision makers can more accurately point out safety concerns or trends indicating potential safety concerns. It allows public risks to be calculated by extracting health risk rate from available population data such as number of deaths per 100,000 populations. One of the arguments against rates in target setting is that it is nebulous to appeal to non-professionals in road safety in that it is expressed in technical languages, example Nigeria proposing to reduce the number of seriously injured per billion vehicle- kilometres by 15% by 2020 may be too difficult to comprehend by non-road safety professionals. Also, indicators for rates per unit of exposure need its corresponding exposure data, example population per kilometre which are most time not easily available immediately. One of the disadvantage of using rates is that, regions with limited length of road network could register lower accidents due to average distance travelled and may give a false impression of the risks and the level of safety in those regions. Moreover, traffic risk is most appropriately measured using level of exposure data, example vehicle per kilometre travel which are not available in most countries and cannot not also be collected in the required level of details due to inconsistencies in definition of road network and different modes of transport used in different countries. The use of both numbers and rates as an approach by the UK in setting national target can be helpful in that depending on the situation, quantity and reliability of data, information on accident rates may vary to be used for proper prioritisation, therefore, it is appropriate to use more than one type of accident analysis in ranking the problem to achieve a balance assessment of data.   This data analysis can be based on accident rates, number of accidents or severity of injuries sustained or the cost of the accident. It is therefore appropriate to set targets in terms of absolute numbers and the rates so that where volumes traffic fluctuates the outcome can be amenable to treatment. The use of both measures allows comparison of risks of road travel modes with the risk frequency of occurrence so that transport safety budgets can be allocated most effectively References WHO (1999); World Health Report: Making a difference, Geneva: World Health Organisation WHO (2OO4) World Health Report on road traffic injury prevention, Geneva: World Health Organisation

For Elderly Shut-ins, It was Ken's Day Out Essay

For Elderly Shut-ins, It was Ken's Day Out - Essay Example I eagerly showed up the next morning to meet with the staff promptly at 11:30. Ms. Shields thanked me for coming and said it was a blessing to meet someone my age with so much enthusiasm to help. I began to beam and swell with self-admiration when she added, "But I'm sorry. Our insurance won't cover you until you're older. Our drivers have to be at least eighteen". Her words fell at my feet like cold stones from a child's Easter basket. My swelling pummeled into a quivering pool of disappointment. My thoughts raced like a balloon released before its time, wandering madly out of words and dropping hopelessly still. My face must have reflected the confused loneliness I felt inside as I could see Ms. Shields struggle for words that might comfort me. Her thoughtful eyes and graceful gestures gave me some hope. "I do have someone that might be able to use your help though", she said. "Ken is one of our more experienced drivers. Maybe you would like to ride with him today". I jumped at the chance as she motioned me to the kitchen where half a dozen ladies were arguing with an old man about the amount of pepper in the soup. Ken was a robust man for 87 years old. The years had hardened his features, yet left him a little pinkish from too little sun.

Fountain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fountain - Essay Example Additionally, the essay examines Marcel Duchamps fountain and Bruce Naumens fountain.† Finally, the essay meditates on the notion ‘aesthetic’. Art in the 19th century was greatly influenced by the surrounding cultural climate. While early in the century neo-classicism and romanticism were the dominant styles, but the 1860s realism had become the most prominent mode of artistic expression (Adams, p. 521). Realism attempted to capture the environment in its most realistic state. Realism defined art as working to capture reality in as accurate a way as possible. In this way artists implemented all the techniques at their disposal, including perspective and careful observation of the surrounding environment, to create works of art that directly reflected the world. Among the prominent realist painters include Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot. Corot’s works included in-depth portraits, such as ‘Woman with a Pearl’ (Adams, p. 525). Rather than using artistic flourishes, these works explored themes of everyday existence. The 19th century realist movement was not merely restricted to painting, but would also expand into literature (Adams, p. 520). The realist movement can perhaps be regarded as the end of pre-modern art. After the realist movement modernism emerged and redefined the definition of art. Rather than viewing art as an expression of observable reality, modernism styles increasingly viewed the goal of art as capturing the changing nature of human perception. This is a significant development in art as it marked a willingness to break from traditional reflection of the world to a more experimental emphasis. Impressionism is perhaps the first modernist style. While today impressionism appears a highly traditional style, during the late 19th century it was regarded as avant-garde. Undoubtedly the artist that most prominent exemplified the

Violent Sports should be Banned Essay Example for Free

Violent Sports should be Banned Essay To start with, Sports is basically an activity done for pleasure, which needs physical effort and skill. Some people, who dedicate themselves to this activity, consider it as a passion to compete against others in their skill, ability and spirit. Sports also help in inculcating a certain discipline as well as the spirit of brotherhood or the ‘team spirit’ in the sports persons. Sports ideally are not meant to do anything with violence. Sports for some is a mode of attaining fame, for some it is their job. Some do it as their hunger to compete and win, while the others take it as an enjoyment to watch. But, in today’s scenario, the sports that include aggressive activities are gaining more popularity, as they present much a way of entertainment to the spectators. Since the youth are more volatile by nature they enjoy these ‘violent sports’ such as boxing, kick boxing, wrestling etc. Today’s Young generation does not make an effort to know the grave dangers that these sports put. The dangers that these sports cause are susceptibility to major accidents that may even prove to be even worse than fatal. The injuries which may be for lifetime may be a cause of greater torture and helplessness than death itself. Certain instances in the past, such as the accident of Fred Guirrero and ‘Umaga’ because of accidents during the match have resulted in their death in the arena themselves. Also, these violent sports are responsible for major injuries to the sportspersons, such as rupture of the spine, brain haemorrhage, excessive blood loss, irregular clotting etc. Not only the sportspersons are affected by these kinds of sports, but also, the viewers get an indirect impact on them. Young children as well as adults, try to imitate the actions that take place in these sports. Statistics say that almost 15000 deaths take place annually in the USA because of people imitating the sportspersons of boxing, wrestling, sword fighting etc. Repeated watching of such sports unconsciously affects the very psyche of the young which ultimately reflect in their behaviour in their social environment. One of the major causes of ‘road rage’, shooting spree by teenagers in their own schools and colleges, acts of suicide, involvement in murders, loots etc, are the consequences of being in constant influence these ‘violent sports’ and other such activities. What is the logic behind sportspersons indulging themselves in such inhuman activities and the viewers watching blood smeared sportsmen in  the ring with broken limbs? It seems greed of money is prompting certain people to participate in such type of violent activity. Also, it is very contradictory to the spirit of sports that they spread violence and suffering instead of providing pleasure and joy. So in my opinion I strongly refute the proposition of those who argue in support of the continuation of such ‘violent sports’. They should be allowed neither to continue on human as well as moral grounds.

What motivate suicide bombers? Essay -- The Terrorism Ahead, Revenge

The idea of killing oneself for a cause is unimaginable for most people; however, for some individuals, it is a heroic act. Young men, women, and even children have taken their own lives enacting this fatalistic practice. Suicide bombers truly define the meaning of the word terror. This phenomenon is far from new to the world, in World War 2; Japanese pilots called kamikazes voluntarily committed suicide by slamming their planes into American war ships in a last-minute effort to avoid losing the war. Similarly, suicide attackers strap their bodies with explosives and explode their selves in crowds, hotels, marketplaces, and embassies throughout the world. Alarmingly, there are many people willing and committed to carrying out such missions. The driving force behind suicide attackers is not solely based on religion; in fact, it has just as much to do with revenge, humiliation, and indoctrination. In some cases, suicide bombers decide to take such actions as an act of vengeance. Paul J. Smith, Author of â€Å"The Terrorism Ahead† notes that revenge is the driving force behind certain suicide attacks as a direct response to an event, such as a death of a family member (142). In the Middle East, this scene plays out daily. On May 19, 2003, Hiba Daragmeh detonates herself at Amaquim shopping mall in Alfula, Israel to retaliate against her brother’s imprisonment in Israel (Smith 142).The ageless land conflict between Israel and the Palestinians have led to many casualties on both sides. A suicide bomber detonates a bomb in Israeli territory and kills Israeli civilians. Israel retaliates, and attacks suspected terrorist cites, during these skirmishes Innocent Palestinians and Israelis are killed which drives the thirst for revenge mutual... ...ned. The handler’s job is to prepare the bomber for a trial run of the attack, and to foresee any potential disruption that can hinder the plan (68). Once the suicide bomber completes the mission, the family of the suicide bomber receives compensation and becomes a celebrity in the community. The reasoning behind suicide bombings is various and wide-ranging. Many factors come in to play such as retribution, degradation, and propaganda. Terror groups justify this action as the only way to respond due to the fact they may not have sophisticated weaponry or military. The fact remains there are constantly gaining new candidates to replace every suicidal mission, which compels terrorist groups to believe it is the right action to take. Furthermore, fear, terror and death caused by suicide bomb explosions can devastate people psychologically and alter sociatal life.

Meat Science and Animal Nutrition

I want to get a masters degree in animal industries in order to prepare for my future career. There were two options I’ve been considering, consisting of meat science and animal nutrition. Both options, I believe, would help me land a career in concerned government agencies. It would also open the doors to further studies, such as veterinary medicine, should I decide to pursue it.From the two options I am leaning more in favor of taking up meat science, as it is more concerned with food safety and nutrition. I am interested in understanding factors that affect the nutritional value and consumer acceptability of meat, which eventually lead to consumer health and satisfaction.I believe that meat science is not a popular choice for people, but it is equally important to ensure the health of the public. I could gain knowledge that should be shared and disseminated to people.Thus, this course could equip me with the knowledge I need to serve in government agencies such as the Unite d States Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service, and be a food safety specialist who answers questions of consumers regarding food preparation, storage, and handling. The importance of the role I could play towards protecting the health and safety of the public is a good reason for me to pursue this course.

The Controversial Topic Of Medical Marijuana - 1284 Words

Justin Winn Ms. Watters 7/1/2015 ENG 302 Medical Marijuana: Up In Smoke The controversial topic of medical marijuana has caused a recent uproar in America. The once taboo subject is now openly discussed almost everywhere you go. Discussions can be heard on the news, radio, online forums, blogs, and documentaries. Even our former and current U.S. Presidents have weighed in on the topic. Although it is now being openly discussed, some people are still are under the assumption that it is a dangerous drug and should remain illegal. There are myths and misconceptions that have caused the cannabis plant to become completely misunderstood. What will it take to shed some truth on marijuana? To find out, we need to know the origins of the cannabis plant, the medicinal qualities that is possesses, and the repercussions of legalizing it here in America. The marijuana plant, also called cannabis, has been around since ancient times. As far back as 2000 B.C., ancient civilizations used this plant to treat their medical ailments. When Eg yptians had sore eyes, they used cannabis to treat it. Doctors in India could be found mixing weed with milk to use as an anesthetic a millennium later. The Greeks also used marijuana to remedy earaches In 200 B.C. (Webley). Cannabis was not introduced into America until much later when the Spanish people brought it here in 1545. Later, in 1611, the English people brought weed to Jamestown. From there, it became commercialized. Americans started growingShow MoreRelatedUse of Marijuana for Medical Purposes: A Controversial Topic592 Words   |  2 PagesIntroduction Although marijuana continues to be classified federally as an illegal narcotic, several states have passed laws to allow the use of cannabis (marijuana) as a medicine. Dozens of peer-reviewed studies, combined with the support of various medical organizations, have slowly paved the way for the use of marijuana to treat illnesses and medical conditions (Should Marijuana Be a Medical Option?). The illnesses and medical conditions that have been explored most in research include anorexiaRead MoreThe Issue Of Medical Marijuana Programs Essay875 Words   |  4 Pagesforefront two critical issues that surround this form of alternative medicine. 1. The controversial aspects of acceptance by the mainstream medical community in regards to the application or utilization of this form of treatment. 2. Legal implications based on Federal Law, and laws that originate at the State level. Federal law is specific in regards to marijuana in general. However, specific criteria for medical marijuana programs widely vary from state-to-state, with no form of standardization. MedicineRead MoreLegalizing Marijuana in the U.S. Essay1344 Words   |  6 Pages Legalization of Marijuana: A hot topic Tonie J. Moutra GEN 499 Dr. Curt Sobolewski November 26, 2012 The legalization of marijuana for recreational usage could may be a new trend in America but the Federal government will likely oppose usage through the end of time. The Drug Enforcement Administrations (DEA) stance is that marijuana is an illegal drug and that using this drug whether for medicinal or recreational purposes is illegal. I chose this topic to research because ofRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1517 Words   |  7 PagesWhen it comes to controversial topics, none has stirred the â€Å"pot† more than the legalization of marijuana. It is one of the primary focuses on the War on Drugs. Many people use it recreationally. In recent years marijuana has become a medical breakthrough with a potential to treat conditions including pain and nausea caused by HIV/AIDS, cancer, Alzheimer’s and other conditions. Over the years, it has gained a tremendous amount of public support. Two states, Colorado and Washington, have already legalizedRead MorePros and Cons of Legalising Marijuana1126 Words   |  5 Pagesincreasingly common in modern-day society for both recreational use and for medication. The article by Craig Reinarman, ‘Criminalisation, legalisation and the mixed blessing of medicalisation in the USA’ generates many controversial issues of cannabis. The two-sided debate between embracing medical use of the drug through the therapeutic benefits and the link between cannabis and psychosis is explored. This issues also stems the question of the legitimacy of legalisation and criminalisation of cannabis andRead MoreIs Cannabis Dangerous? This Particular Issue Has Been Discussed,1291 Words   |  6 Pagesin today’s society. Many individuals have their own opinions on marijuana, whether it be positive or negative, but an objective perspective is necessary to justly weigh the benefits and detriments of marijuana use and legalization. When an unbiased person analyzes the controversial topic of cannabis, he or she would realize that the substance does not plainly fall into a single category. There is ample, scientific proof that marijuana has numerous medicinal purposes, such as treating glaucoma andRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?972 Words   |  4 PagesMarijuana Legalization For thousands of years, marijuana has been used for a myriad of purposes ranging from medical use to recreational use. Although small steps are being for marijuana legalization across the country, there is still a long way to go. Some folks argue that marijuana is a gateway drug and impairs judgement, causing people to act recklessly. However, extensive studies have been conducted on the effects, risks, and benefits of marijuana, and have proven marijuana to be safer thanRead MoreCulture and Transmission of Culture Socialization1153 Words   |  5 Pagesrather pure. The main point about this article is the controversial topic of legalizing medical marijuana and considering it â€Å"medicine† but also tying in with culture. The difference between a regular doctor and a snake oil salesmen is good drugs that are safe to be prescribed compared to marijuana which is someone who is not permitted to prescribe medicine. The first time this issue became in focus was in 1930 dea ling with the American Medical Association. Currently, towards the end of the 20thRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Marijuana Legalization1442 Words   |  6 Pagesof Marijuana remains as one of the most controversial topics. Marijuana, also known as Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States. According to national surveys conducted by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), â€Å"marijuana use rose from 4.1 percent to 9.5 percent of the U.S. adult population in the past decade.† The increase of Marijuana use created an ongoing debate over whether it should be federally legalized or not. Supporters of marijuana legalizationRead MoreMarijuana Should Not Be Banned Marijuana1282 Words   |  6 PagesCannabis, also known as marijuana, is largely known for its use as a psychoactive drug and medicine. It’s become a controversial issue as many people are against legalizing it because they believe it is a gateway drug (a drug that isn’t necessarily addictive, but can lead the user to use more addictive drugs) or for other reasons. Others, such as Daniel J. Pfeifer, support the legalization of marijuana for recreational and/or medicinal use. As a law student, Pfeifer argues the federal government’s